Scientists from the Indian Institute of Science have decoded the complex venom systems of three aquatic insect species from Northeast India, uncovering a potent biochemical arsenal that helps them immobilise prey—and may also hold promise for future medical applications.
The study, led by Mutum Ranjana Devi along with Kartik Sunagar and colleagues, provides the first comprehensive insight into the venom systems of aquatic insects from the region.
Field samples were collected from Doyapur Lake in Disagaphu, Nagaland. The research focused on three species—the giant water bug (Lethocerus indicus), electric light bug (Diplonychus rusticus), and water scorpion (Laccotrephes maculatus).
Using advanced proteo-transcriptomic tools and biochemical assays, researchers found that the venoms are dominated by proteases—enzymes that break down proteins—allowing the insects to immobilise prey and digest it externally.
Each species, however, showed its own venom strategy. Lethocerus indicus displayed strong blood-altering effects, Diplonychus rusticus had higher lipase activity, and Laccotrephes maculatus showed greater cell-damaging toxicity.
Notably, Lethocerus indicus also showed strong anticoagulant properties in lab tests, pointing to potential use in developing blood-thinning drugs.
Researchers say these similarities across species—despite geographical separation—suggest an ancient venom system that may date back over 200 million years.
Venom vs Poison — what it means
Venomous animals (like these insects or snakes) harm you only when they inject toxins—through a bite or sting.
Poisonous substances harm you when touched or eaten, even without injection.
These aquatic insects are venomous, not poisonous.
So, eating them does not cause harm—as long as the venom is not directly introduced into the bloodstream.
Hidden risk in rural landscapes
Experts warn that accidental encounters can still be dangerous.
“Aquatic insects in Northeast India are venomous, not poisonous. Their toxins need to be injected into the body, usually during accidental contact while fishing barefoot,” said Surajit Giri, a snakebite social activist working at Demow Rural Community Health Centre.
He added that while these insects are consumed safely in parts of the region, their bites can cause severe pain, swelling, and tissue damage.
Data from Demow Rural Community Health Centre show that over 100 such cases have been treated, with around 28% developing significant wounds and one reported death. Most patients experienced intense pain lasting several days.
“These cases highlight an under-recognised rural health hazard,” Giri said.
The insects often remain hidden under mud or debris in stagnant water and may sting when stepped on during fishing or wading.
The study not only sheds light on the ecological role of these “aquatic assassins” but also opens new avenues for discovering bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential.
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